Translating Institutions outlines a framework for research on translation in institutional settings, using the Finnish translation unit at the European Commission as a case study. Because of their foundational multilingualism, the institutions of the European Union could be described as both translating and translated institutions. The European Commission alone employs nearly two thousand translators, and it is translators who draft the vast majority of outgoing EU messages. Translating Institutions sets out to explore the organizational role and professional identity of this group of cultural mediators, a group that has remained relatively invisible despite its size and central institutional role, and to use the analysis of this data to elaborate broader methodological and theoretical issues.
Translating Institutions adopts an ethnographic approach to explore the life and work of the translators at the centre of this study. In practice, this entails employing a number of different methods and interrogating various types of data. The three-level research design used covers the study of the institutional framework, the study of translators working in specific institutional settings, and the study of translated documents and their source texts. This is therefore a study of both texts and people in their institutional habitat. Given the methodological focus of the volume, the different methods and data are outlined in independent chapters: the institutional framework of translation (institutional ethnography), the physical location of the unit (observation), translators' own views of their role (focus group discussions), and a sociologically-oriented text analysis of a sample document (shifts analysis).
Translating Institutions constitutes a valuable contribution to the sociology of translation. It opens up new avenues for research and offers a detailed framework for the study of institutional translation.
1. Introduction
Net-weaving
The European Commission as a translated institution
Ethnography: a weaving method
Small is beautiful
Role of the researcher
The logic of both/and
Aims and structure of the book
PART I
2. Translating institutions and institutional translation
2.1. Institutions
2.2. Rules, norms, and beliefs
2.3. Institutional translation
2.4. Categories of translated institutions
Supra-national institutions
Multilingual and bilingual administration
Public services
2.5. Translating institutions and translator training in Finland
3. Ethnographic approach to institutional translation
3.1. How to research institutional translation?
3.2. Essentials of ethnography
3.3. Ethnography in translating institutions
3.4. Probing cultural relations
Operationalizing culture
Nexus approach to culture
3.5. Identifications
Split identities
Questioning identification
Textual identities
3.6. Who is who: Positioning myself
Reminiscences
Ethical considerations
PART II
4. Language work in the European Commission
4.1. Institutional Ethnography
4.2. Framework documents
Institutional multilingualism
Building Europe
Legal selves in a law-based administration: Staff Regulation
4.3. Translating in the European Commission
DGT
Mission
Material environment: JMO
The Finnish Unit
4.4. Living in Luxembourg
4.5. Conclusions
5. Institutional identifications
5.1. European identities
5.2. Provoking representations with the help of focus groups
Ethnography and focus groups
Focus groups in the translation unit
Mind map and questionnaire
Transcription and translation
Limits of focus groups
5.3. Translation unit as a nexus of relations
Officials and translators
Socialization to the organization
Socialization to the profession: the issue of educational background
Readers and readability
Transnational expatriates
5.4. The role of laughter
Laughing together
Laughing at ambiguities
5.5. Conclusion
6. Institutional text production
6.1. Social study of texts
Mapping the process
Focus on shifts
Focus on interpersonal shifts
6.2. Drafting process
Political redrafting (ORI-00 ? ORI-01)
Institutional redrafting (ORI-01 ? ORI-02)
Reframing the document (ORI-02 ? ORI-03)
Drafting process: summary
6.3. Translation process
Communicating in Finnish (independent reading of TRA-02)
Continued institutionalization (ORI-02 ? TRA-02)
Analysis of shifts vs. independent reading
Improved AND deteriorated version (ORI-03 ?TRA-03)
Translation process: summary
6.4. From shouldness to maybeness?
6.5. Conclusions: Us and them
7. Net results
7.1. Rules, norms and beliefs: the question of culture in institutional translation
7.2. Readability
7.3. Recognition
7.4. Towards reflexive practice
